Saturday, January 25, 2014

European construction versus North American construction

Construction of houses varies significantly between Europe and North America.  European houses are typically built with masonry, while North American houses are usually made of wood.  Why is this so?
 
When North America was settled, the vast forests provided a free resource of building material, so wood was the primary construction material used.  This still holds today: compared to Europe, North America possesses large forests which are harvested and used extensively as construction material.  After a few hundred years, a tradition of construction has developed and persists, so that most contractors or builders know how to build a relatively inexpensive home using wood as their primary construction material.

By contrast, most large forests in Europe were clear cut several hundred years ago.  These original forests have never been allowed to return to their original state; the population density of Europe simply does not allow it.  By the law of supply and demand, wood prices in Europe are significantly higher than they are in North America.  There is also a tradition of construction in Europe which involves masonry, and which goes back several hundred (even thousands) of years.  Most Europeans are surprised when they visit North America and notice that the vast majority of houses are built primarily of wood.  Similarly, most Americans visiting Europe are frequently surprised that most European houses are not built with wood. 

The implications of these different approaches to construction have a particular relevance as we face the future and address the challenges posed by changing climate.  The scientific community shares an overwhelming consensus that man-made CO2 is a major contributing factor to our changing climate.  A new awareness of the impact of our activities on CO2 added to the atmosphere has put the practice of home construction into sharper focus by many in the construction industry. 

Research indicates that masonry construction is “greener” than traditional wood construction, for several reasons.  First, fewer trees are harvested, and more forest remains intact.  Trees are a major carbon sequestering force in nature: they remove CO2 from the atmosphere and create oxygen.  Conversely, cement production creates CO2, and the question must be answered: which has less impact on the environment, wood construction or masonry?

As discussed in this article, for a 2,400 square foot wood house, it takes approximately 750 cubic feet of wood to construct only the walls of the house, and requires 2.3 acres to produce that amount of wood.  This 2.3 acres of mature forest would otherwise remove 11,818 lbs. of CO2 per year from the atmosphere (5,200 lbs/acre).

By comparison, a 2,400 square foot masonry house requires 23,558 lbs. of cement to construct only the walls. During the manufacture of the required amount of cement, 11,779 lbs. of CO2 are released into the atmosphere – resulting in slight improvement at the end of the first year. However, concrete provides significant improvement from year 2 and beyond.

Another issue that is a factor is the area of disruption.  Cement production is relatively localized to a few square miles of quarries and mills, whereas lumbering affects thousands of square miles of land and requires considerable energy be expended to clear and transport a forest and convert trees in to lumber. Lumbering decreases the biodiversity of forest; it creates erosion and pollution problems. It also enters into the problem of forest fires.  Instead of allowing forest fires to occur as a natural function, forest managers prevent and put out fires, which robs the soils of the benefits of natural fertilization that occurs during burning.

This comparison does not take into account other factors of construction relating to sustainability, such as the fuel energy – even more if the lumber is imported.  A concrete house has a much longer service life than a wood frame house, lessening landfill burdens and creating the need to expend more energy to reconstruct the house. Europeans have traditionally built homes that last far longer than homes built in the U.S. The result is that with their reduced birthrates, the housing stock turnover is far less. This translates to a much lower percentage of GNP devoted to housing, 9% compared with over 12% in the U.S.

To build a 2,400 square foot house requires 2.3 acres of mature forest which absorbs 11,818 lbs of CO2 per year. Producing the 23,558 lbs. of cement required to build the same house with concrete produces virtually the same amount at 11,779 lbs. of CO2. The CO2 ‘payback’ when building with concrete is one year.  Considering it takes 50 years for a new trees to mature, the ‘ROI’ from using concrete is 2,290% by the time the re-planted forest fully matures.

In addition to the environmental benefits provided by concrete construction, significant savings in heating and cooling houses and other buildings are realized through more thermally efficient concrete construction.  These homes will also last much longer, have a higher resale value, will be able to withstand rot, termites, fire, storms, etc., and thus have a much higher value over their lifetime than wooden construction.


It is time for North America to reassess its construction practices and evaluate which form is better: wood or concrete?  Instead of imposing burdensome new government regulation on the marketplace, we should educate the new homeowners of tomorrow, and allow the lower cost of superior construction determine how homes of the future are built.  Wooden construction is often called “stick construction,” it is not a compliment, and it is accurate.  Just ask the third little pig or the big bad wolf.

260 comments:

  1. Hi
    It’s hard to find knowledgeable people regarding.but you sound like you know what you’re talking about! Thanks for sharing this with others.

    ReplyDelete
  2. While I'm in favor of more masonry construction I have two questions.

    1) How would you get contractors and tradesmen educated about the new building techniques. I find that it's hard to get them to learn or even listen to anything new, that is not already being done around them.

    2) Does having the house last hundreds of years really matter? With Cities continuing to grow and grow would you really expect the houses to stay around for hundreds of years or would you expect them to get demolished to make way for something bigger within a few centuries?

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Aren't the timeless structures in Europe the reason tourist flock into
      Europe every year.

      Delete
    2. I'm british.my sisters house was built in the 13th century and has many older homes around it,most of the new ones also look similar. the homes are silent indoors,there is no wind noise or traffic sounds,the walls are between 1 too 3 ft thick and have already lasted the test of time,who wouldn't want a home like that

      Delete
    3. This comment has been removed by the author.

      Delete
  3. Thanks for your comments. I'll try to answer your questions:
    (1) First -perhaps most importantly- I have simplified masonry systems which are not yet described on this blog; these are much simpler to use, easy for tradesmen and even laymen to use. Furthermore, we will have several efforts in educating the tradesmen, including videos available free at our (upcoming, yet unpublished) website. We'll also be offering courses in using this system. I We also plan to train and educate BAC/IMI (Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers/ International Masonry Institute) the "best hands in the business." Finally, we plan to have a focused marketing effort for the geographic area of each blockmaker that makes our masonry product; this effort will include free workshops showing how to build with this system.
    (2) Does having houses last really matter? That's like saying "does having children matter? They're all going to die anyway, why bother?" Of course it matters, make quality things that will last, especially in the face of our changing climate, housing faces new threats: rising sea level, droughts, fires, floods, more violent weather, etc. This masonry system will stand up to these challenges. Lastly, if you look at societies which truly value their architecture, old buildings made of masonry get periodically restored and refurbished, every few hundred years - they were made to last, and they serve their purpose over centuries. For example, in Italy, old masonry buildings are treated like this. It is a more sustainable, higher quality of building and better quality of providing living spaces than disposable cheap buildings which are shoddy and characterize the American "McMansion." None of these "McMansions" will be around in 100 years, they are very poorly made.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. How will masonry stand up to droughts, floods, and rising sea levels?

      Delete
    2. Masonry is unaffected by a drought, and its high thermal mass will help keep a building cooler in hot drought conditions. Masonry can also be used to store rainwater (rainwater harvesting, rwh). Here's a link to an entry on this: http://masonrydesign.blogspot.com/2012/11/building-water-storage-tank.html

      Masonry can be used to build high performance, affordable, easy-to-install breakwaters, levees, and flood control hardscaping/landscaping features. These applications will help alleviate the impacts of rising sea level. Properly designed, installed and maintained masonry structures can withstand flooding and water damage, certainly much better than wood-framed houses and buildings. Here are some pertinent links from this blog:

      http://masonrydesign.blogspot.com/2010/05/retaining-walls-and-landscaping.html

      http://masonrydesign.blogspot.com/2010/05/retaining-walls-to-make-glacier.html

      http://masonrydesign.blogspot.com/2010/07/can-mason-build-submarine.html

      Thanks for your interest, please let me know if you have other questions.

      Delete
    3. Does it matter whether a house lasts matter? Of course it does! Some houses in Europe are more that a thousand
      years old. It's very difficult to find a house that is more than 100 years old that is still standing in North America. Just think of the environmental impact that has. Try the following tests in a North American house. Try flushing the toilet. You will have to turn the TV up. Try jumping up and down, the wall will shake and pictures will rattle. What happens with termites or really bad weather?

      Lets face it, North Americans have been sold a cheap bill of goods as usual. And trying to defend an inferior product can not be justified unless someone is greasing their pockets.

      Delete
    4. Does it matter whether a house lasts matter? Of course it does! Some houses in Europe are more that a thousand
      years old. It's very difficult to find a house that is more than 100 years old that is still standing in North America. Just think of the environmental impact that has. Try the following tests in a North American house. Try flushing the toilet. You will have to turn the TV up. Try jumping up and down, the wall will shake and pictures will rattle. What happens with termites or really bad weather?

      Lets face it, North Americans have been sold a cheap bill of goods as usual. And trying to defend an inferior product can not be justified unless someone is greasing their pockets.

      Delete
    5. You are so correct. I have owned both, homes in Europe and American wood houses, and you cannot compare a wood box that rodents and termite fester in to a stone or concrete house. It's like comparing a car to a house. It's not in the same league. They were sold a cheap bill of goods as usual. It is being kept out of the media like the plague. Several people are lining their pockets such as the wood industry and all the chemical companies that fill the drywalls, especially fireproof products are full of harmful chemicals. Treating the wood chemicals and of course it is a way to keep Americans perpetually poor. Because they will never own anything for any extended period of time. Everything in these homes breaks apart. After 10 years it starts after 30 it's all over the house stinks is infested with termites and on and on and on. Some homes are worse than this and some are not quite that bad yet. But they all get there. that means more money because they have to replace everything and have to continue fixing these homes which realigns the same pockets that put them there in the first place. You seem to seem to understand the real motives.

      Delete
    6. Mr. Roberts, I appreciate the article. While the various historical, cultural, and financial implications of differing residential construction techniques is, perhaps, "in the eye of the beholder", I believe your commentary on the environmental impacts of wood frame construction misses the mark.

      Sustainable forestry and selective harvesting (wherein only certain number of carefully selected trees within a particular area) is far from bad for the environment. Carbon Fixation, or the process of creating sugars and other carbohydrate chains, is dependent on photosynthesis and thus light. Competition among old-growth trees often limits the amount of light that makes it through the canopy and reaches the forest floor where new growth is struggling to grow under less than ideal conditions. Numerous studies show that clearing some (but NOT all) trees allows for far faster carbon fixation and sequestration through more rapidly growing new growth than other cycles (such as natural processes like regularly repeating forest fires that have important impact in clearing old growth from time to time and allowing new genetic variation to grow).

      Likewise, we now know that many environmentalist strategies that were totally against any form of forest management, the clearing of various types of growth, and over-active firefighting (especially with fires from natural causes) allowed for so much old growth than when forest fires finally did occur, they burned so hot it actually sterilized the forest floor instead of allowing many natural processes caused by fires (for example with certain species with seeds that only open in the high temperatures associated with forest fires).

      We can and should be far smarter with our natural resources. However, many modern environmentalists, with their almost religious zeal, have tried to make humanity out as the only evil on the earth and as the one species clearly born in the original sin of existing. They ignorantly believe that any intervention on the part of humanity is somehow wrong.

      The fact is its typically the forestry products manufacturers, hunters, and others who are the most ardent, and effective, in protecting nature and our natural resources. When we wake up and realize we can utilize market incentives to protect nature and align our interests with a clean and healthy environment, we'll truely see the next step in human civilization, a step where people everywhere, though knowledge and technology, can protect, sustain, and repair where necessary, our common Home...made of both wood and stone.

      Delete
    7. Peter, thanks for your thoughtful comment and interest in this topic. You sum it up well with your concluding remark about "our common home made of both wood and stone." Wood certainly has an important role, as does masonry. Here in the Americas the long tradition of building with wood has remained unquestioned, as a given, and that is short-sighted. Since I wrote this blog entry 6 years ago, a lot of technology development has taken place in the search for more environmentally appropriate construction materials, that will provide the resiliency required. With the immediacy of climate change (happening before our very eyes) these topics are increasingly important. I'm currently investigating novel materials to replace Original Portland Cement (OPC) which creates greenhouse gases on its manufacture. My company has been formally invited to submit proposals to both the US Dept. of Energy (DOE) and the National Science Foundation (NSF) on this technology. I'm taking a break from this very grant writing to post this comment now. Thanks again for your interest Peter, this topic is worth our sustained interest.

      Delete
  4. This entry is also relevant to your second question: http://masonrydesign.blogspot.com/2011/08/brick-mortar.html

    ReplyDelete
  5. "The scientific community shares an overwhelming consensus that man-made CO2 is a major contributing factor to our changing climate."

    Yet another brainwashed zombie

    ReplyDelete
  6. Obtaining a building permit in the European Union varies according to country. There is a very big difference in time, costs and efforts, if we were to compare obtaining a building permit in the capital city or in any other city or town. Obtaining a Slovak building permit for a family house in surroundings of Bratislava may only take 3 months, whereas obtaining a Slovak building permit for a residential apartment building in Bratislava may take even one year. In Slovakia, there are two basic levels included in the proceedings. The first one is planning permit and the second one is building permit. Intended developments must be in line with the zoning plan of the city or town. For planning permit, certain documentation and approvals must be submitted to a local Slovak building authority. Planning permits includes opinion of several Slovak authorities, organisations and companies. Building permit requires even more detailed project documentation. Detailed procedures can be found at http://www.slovacon.sk

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. What does this have to do with the article?

      Delete
    2. I get a lot of spam, which this appears to be. There's an entire industry of people who post spam on blogs, it's hard to keep up with them. I try to delete most of it. They refer to building in Europe, this is the topic of this blog entry. If you're interested in getting a building permit in Slovakia, you may want to contact them.

      Delete
  7. Could you comment on the existence of sustainably managed forests and the renewable characteristic of wood in relation to your arguments?

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. "Sustainable forestry" is not economically viable. It is recognized as a greenwashing effort by the forestry industry.

      The Sustainable Forestry Initiative’s label approves environmentally irresponsible forestry practices. Despite its ‘Good for you. Good for our forests.’ logo, the SFI program certifies logging practices that have a disastrous impact on North American forests. Here’s an example: SFI’s rules do not require any work to restore forests that are essential for the survival of rare wildlife.

      The average clearcut approved by SFI is the size of 90 football fields. Whether it’s the average SFI-approved clearcut, or bigger, the damage to watersheds, water quality and soil productivity are often permanent. SFI allows excessive use of toxic chemicals such as pesticides, fungicides, and herbicides that contaminate fresh water.

      The SFI certification program actually assures its timber company customers that it does not prohibit logging in old growth forests, wild areas that do not currently have roads, or other places in which ecological values are especially rich.

      SFI’s greenwashing harms forests. And SFI’s greenwash also undermines the hard work of those trying to protect forests, or create a more forest-friendly product.

      source; http://www.forestethics.org/sustainable-forestry-initiative

      Delete
  8. Hi,
    Do you have any idea about how many square feet of brick and cast stone masonry is specified in the US each year for new and repair projects?

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. I'm sorry, but no: I don't. These numbers are notoriously hard to get. It is a very fragmented industry, and producers keep their numbers private.

      Delete
  9. Very nice post. I like the way you present this article : European construction versus North American construction..Thanks for sharing.

    Site Preparation for Construction

    ReplyDelete
  10. Great article, however I served in Europe for several military tours living in Germany, Spain & visiting several other northern European countries. I found mason (brick & mortar) construction to be extremely inefficient in winter, generating huge heating bills. Bottom line, my home was never warm, nor were the homes of most of my European friends. I admit. masonry construction felt cooler during spring & fall. Could you explain if current masonry construction methods create more efficient homes during cold seasons & what are average heating costs for a 3,000 sq/ft masonry home in Europe? Thanks

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Thanks for your comment. You are correct in noting that masonry is a poor thermal insulator. The advantage of masonry, thermally, is that it has a high thermal mass, and can absorb and store significant thermal energy. The key to taking advantage of high thermal mass is to insulate the outside of the masonry. This way, heat is stored in the masonry, and re-released to the inside. If this approach is used, and properly done, the resulting building is close to, or actually is, "zero energy" and requires little or no energy to heat and cool. If masonry is un-insulated, it is relatively thermally inefficient, as you have noted.

      Delete
  11. Is the cost and/or time involved significantly higher in masonry homes? My relatives' homes in Germany seems so much more sturdy and it was interesting to see the interior walls and the stairs also made of cement or brick, with the stairs being covered in wood. I would love to build one as my next home. A German relative referred to us in the States as having "plywood houses." Made me laugh.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. It seems to depend on whom you ask. I am a proponent and supporter of masonry, so my answer is that masonry is less expensive than wood. Someone from the timber industry is likely to say the opposite. If you look at the structure I built in my most recent blog http://masonrydesign.blogspot.com/2016/03/building-masonry-prototype.html
      it cost me about $4,000 in materials. This is very inexpensive, for about 750 square feet. If we also include the life-cycle cost, there is no comparison: masonry is much less expensive per year, because it lasts much longer. If we also include the energy savings provided by masonry, it gets even less expensive over time, because less energy is required each year, saving additional money each year. I agree with your German relative, although I call it "stick construction" as do many others. Thank you for your interest.

      Delete
    2. I want to build 2000 sf home. Where do I begin?

      Delete
  12. Manufactured and modular homes are two different things. One is a trailer and one is a house built indoors in sections.
    home builder houston

    ReplyDelete
  13. Great info!

    So those amazing European buildings are made of concrete?

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Just the newer European buildings are mostly concrete. Here in the US, building code does not allow you to build with stone, so I focussed on concrete as a masonry material in this blog entry. Of course, all the amazing old European masonry is stone, the Romans did some great concrete work too.

      Delete
    2. So can I build a home like a European home in the US?

      Delete
    3. To 'Stone house wanted' question, again: it really depends on code. Generally, in the US stone cannot be used as a building material under current code. It seems silly to me. You may want to consult with a local architect or building engineer, and learn what your state and local code requirements might allow.
      Or, you could build it in europe and ship to the states.

      Delete
    4. Look up slip form. use stone with concrete. go to area with less controlling building codes

      Delete
  14. Great blog created by you. I read your blog, its best and useful information. You have done a good work. Thanks.ready to occupy villas in thrissur

    ReplyDelete
  15. Nice article! European wood houses have a many adventages. Check this http://www.farosgroup.fi/palvelumme/markkina-ja-palvelututkimukset/

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Europeans should not buy into the scam they to Americans convincing them to live in a wood box. You are hurting Europeans by spreading this nonsense. Very sad to see the some Europeans have been coned into this. So sad. I hope to educate yourself more and change your direction to one that does not hurt people. I was in Europe 2 months ago and saw the increase of wood construction. I was present at a sales presentation to Europeans on Wyehwood is good and better. Most of it was lies, not disclosing that the products are treated with chemicals and not lasting. Very disappointed in the presentation.

      Delete
    2. Northern Europe have long traditions of sturdy wood houses made out of timber, they are much warmer and easier to keep warm then stone houses.

      Delete
  16. This video post is really incredible, the commotion quality and the photo nature of this tape post is truly astounding.
    Smart home Singapore

    ReplyDelete
  17. An interesting discussion is worth comment. I feel that you must write extra on this matter, it might not be a taboo subject but generally people are not enough to speak on such topics. To the next. Cheers

    ReplyDelete
  18. This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete
  19. I am studying Mechanical Minning and Metallurgical Engineer in the NTUA of Athens, one of the top Universities in Europe and the world, and as a girl myself, I always wondered why on earth are US houses built like that opposed to the European Contruction laws and all. It was an amazing thread to read myself as I am on my 4th year in University ( it is a 5 year Uni in total) and I back up every information you provided. Excellent work! I hope for their safety first and only (one of my biggest concerns studying in my field) , they soon start building houses like that way more often. It is a huge no-no for me to see all of the victims of either hurricanes or just extreme weather breaks to shutter beautiful houses like that, just cause of their way they are built. Much love, x

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Why wood? Simple. Upon arriving there was no way to make concrete but there was wood everywhere.

      Delete
    2. Hi garyo, Thanks for your comment. Yes, you hit the nail on the head. Some additional insight: After 1666 (the year of the Great Fire of London) Prince Charles decreed that all of London had to be built with masonry (just before he was beheaded by Oliver Cromwell). As a result, a robust brick industry developed in England, producing a surplus of bricks. The triangle trade (exported goods, rum, slaves) had ships sailing for the New World with empty holds which needed ballast. They were filled with bricks to provide ballast and provide construction material in the New World. This material couldn't keep pace with the rate of new buildings being made, so -as you said, and as I pointed out in this post- wood was used because of the seemingly endless forests in the Americas. The story of bricks as ballast just adds a flavorful detail to the story. Thanks for your interest garyo.

      Delete
  20. My house is made from wood & stucco with 100 year lasting tile roof. It is 32 years old and still going strong. My walls do not shake when jumping in the house and I do not have to "turn up the tv" whenever someone flushes the toilet. There are high quality builders and there are bad business orders in America. They aren't all the same.

    ReplyDelete
  21. The real problem is NOT C20 or whatever the hell it's called but globalization which is a fancy word for China slave labor.

    All our wood in America gets sent to China to be processed and we buy our own wood back at a premium price with crappy quality but hey it's cheaper then using US workers who know what they are doing. This has been going on for 30 some years now.

    TODAY's problem is there is nobody left that knows how to do anything the old way and those who do are either dead or dying off from natural age.

    Perhaps this is planned obsolescence as part of Agenda 21 or Illuminati whatever the agenda is but wood in America is not good quality as it was most of it's history.

    *Climate change* is only a small picture. An important one but small as regardless of mankinds activities we are due for a warming which will last 200 years regardless if we are *in* the picture or not.

    What we can do instead of spreading the wealth outside of the US is to prepare such as using ocean power for example to bring new sources of electricity and NOT tear down the west coast dams because of sucker fish.

    Tearing down sources of power only make our country a pretty stupid loser.

    ReplyDelete
  22. Even in *natural* global warming we will have a few years of *colder* then relative average which will be leveraged to say "See it worked! We reduced climate changed!" or it can be twisted to say 'This is caused by climate change!" depending on how they feel at the time.

    ReplyDelete
  23. Superb content! Pleasure to read!
    Check out also our construction blog!

    ReplyDelete
  24. In my country many houses are made from wood like in America, specially in colder regions, and there's a law that construction companies and wood suppliers for various forms of craft including construction, must plant trees when they harvest, and they analyze where trees can be harvested, and after trees are cut that are is left to recover for a time until they can cut trees again, that way I think there's no problem with using wood for construction. But if people just deforest nature and don't think about the consequences then it's clearly harmful to the environment

    ReplyDelete
  25. I'm not sure what country you live in, Philip (Canada?). Wood does not last nearly as long as masonry or concrete. Wood will also catch fire, it will be eaten by termites, it will rot and mold, and it is not nearly as strong as masonry or concrete. Whenever one thinks of the Carbon footprint, it is very important to consider the useful life cycle of the material used, and masonry has a much longer life cycle than wood. I understand that many people like wood, it is part of their tradition of building, and is viewed favorably for a number of reasons: some of these reasons are perhaps less obvious. For example: Jesus was a carpenter, not a mason.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. I think it is misguided to advise that there is one best building material for every continent.

      Delete
  26. Home Builder of the Year in Pensacola - We are proud to be the home of the World Famous Blue Angels, Pensacola's Naval Flight Demonstration team.
    Source: New home construction in pensacola

    ReplyDelete
  27. Your statements about forestry is pretty much guesswork... There are more trees in the USA now than 100 years ago. And let's look at an example of why forests have so much burnable forage: there was a couple who owned a home in the forest and their's was the only home that didn't get burned down..why?...because they disobeyed the idiotic law of their territory that said you can't clean up the debris in the forest. Less stuff to burn..less burning going on.

    ReplyDelete
  28. When the next big California earthquake happens, they'll be glad they didn't die in a block/concrete house.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. My work is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. These structures are much safer in seismic events than standard construction. You will not die, you will be much safer. They are even suitable for Tsunami's. Thank you!

      Delete
  29. Try doing a remodeling project on a concrete home...

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. I have remodeled many concrete and masonry homes. This is standard practice in places like Italy, it is done every few hundred years. These buildings will last for thousands of years, unlike wood. and... Thank You again friend! Cheer up man, it's not that bad. You'll be OK. Try smiling!!

      Delete
  30. I cited my sources, so it's not "guesswork." There are, indeed, more trees in the US than there were 100 years ago: but globally there are fewer trees than at any point in human history. That's the big picture. According to Thomas Crowther, a postdoctoral researcher at the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, the spread of human influence has reduced the number of trees on the planet by half, which is "astronomical." (source: http://www.upworthy.com/america-has-more-trees-now-than-its-had-in-100-years-but-were-not-out-of-the-woods-yet). What couple in the forest had the only home that didn't burn down? Do you have a source? I have many such sources, it's usually a concrete house that didn't burn down (source: http://abcnews.go.com/US/mans-concrete-home-survives-raging-wildfire-washington/story?id=33286398). There are many examples like this. Thank you.

    ReplyDelete
  31. Your logic on the CO2 emission is broken. A mature forest has a lower rate of CO2 absorption compared to a younger forest. This is because the rate of CO2 absorption is related to the growth rate. Look into CO2 sequestration strategies using forests, forest preservation is a sub-optimal strategy. The optimal strategy is to harvest a forest a few years after it has hit its peak growth rate and re-seed. There is no way a concrete house which produces net emissions will have any CO2 advantage over a wood house which will result in a net reduction of emission (as long as the forest is replanted, which is done for harvested timber).

    ReplyDelete
  32. I beg to differ. According to your logic, we should clear cut all old growth forests and plant younger forests, thus unleashing even more CO2 (sequestered in old growth wood). If you read the source I cited carefully, the logic is delineated. Furthermore, great advances are being made in creating CO2 reduced, or neutral, or even net negative CO2 cements. These methods are discussed elsewhere in my blog, I can cite them if you'd like. Thanks for your interest, this remains a very important topic.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. That is what is called a strawman, Peter. Just because the optimal strategy involves harvesting does not mean that one should apply it universally.

      What I said is that your conclusion is based upon a faulty premise and that the calculation done by your source is a joke. What your source does is calculate the CO2 sequestered by a forest by multiplying the percent regrowth by the CO2 sequestered by a mature forest. The major problem with this calculation is that the carbon sequestered by a forest is not fixed value but a function of age. Only during the first five years will a regrown forest sequester less CO2 than a mature forest, by the time a harvested forest hits maturity the net result will be more carbon sequestered over a preserved forest.

      I am pretty agnostic about the emissions of concrete vs wood since these are drop in the bucket compared to other sources, but there is no CO2 advantage to concrete. Even net negative CO2 concrete under preform harvested wood for sequestration performance. Concrete housing should be promoted on its actual merits, not from faulty info provided by a concrete manufacture.

      Delete
    2. Your own argument appears to me as a strawman, Robert. By harvesting mature forest (replacing with new growth) you release all of the carbon thereby sequestered. More carbon is sequestered in an old growth forest.

      I do not follow your logic at all when you say "Even net negative CO2 concrete under preform harvested wood for sequestration performance." That is simply nonsensical.

      I am not a concrete manufacturer, I am an engineer and designer. I do my best to promote my work on its actual merits; CO2 considerations are part of that. If you read some of my other blog entries my technology and its merits are described in great detail.

      One of the interesting new technologies that is carbon negative is provided by BIOmason, they are a company (like mine) that is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. You may want to check them out, very promising technology. http://biomason.com/

      This remains an important subject and I appreciate your input and feedback. I don't mean to be arguing with you here, but we disagree on the role of CO2 in masonry versus wood. One of the main obvious reasons to build with masonry is that masonry buildings can last for hundreds or thousands of years: an obvious and irrefutable means to reduce the carbon footprint.

      All the best Robert.

      Delete
    3. "By harvesting mature forest (replacing with new growth) you release all of the carbon thereby sequestered. More carbon is sequestered in an old growth forest."

      What do you think wood is? Unless you are burning the wood the vast majority of the carbon is sequestered in the timber. This is why growing forests sequester more carbon because the tree is converting CO2 into cellulose, where as mature forest have limited cellulose production and primarily sequester by deposing biomass into the soil. Cellulose production sequesters far more carbon hence is why harvesting a forest is more optimal from carbon standpoint and why timber has net negative carbon emissions.

      "I do not follow your logic at all when you say "Even net negative CO2 concrete under preform harvested wood for sequestration performance." That is simply nonsensical."

      That means that the amount of CO2 sequestered per kg (or $, or J of energy, or what ever metric you want to use) will be less for concrete than for wood.

      Delete
    4. Wood does not stay as wood indefinitely. It will rot, or mold, or burn eventually (unless it is converted to coal, over thousands and millions of years). Are you familiar with the Carbon cycle? Rotted wood emits the same exact amount of CO2 as if it had been burned. This is why timber does not ever have a net negative carbon emission, it will eventually oxidize (rot or burn) and form CO2. Wood creates the same exact amount of Oxygen while it is a living tree as it consumes when it is eventually burned or rotted. This makes it 'carbon neutral.'

      If you looked at BIOmason (for example) it uses bacteria to consume CO2 from the atmosphere (this is what is meant by carbon negative) and converts it into calcium carbonate, which acts as a cement. It will never rot or burn and release that CO2 back into the atmosphere. It acts as a true carbon sink with long-term sequestration, unlike wood, which acts as a temporary sequestration: until it rots or burns.

      I hope this is clear. Cheers.

      Delete
    5. Wooden homes stay in use for hundred years or more if properly maintained. By using plantation wood which is constantly regrown there's a constant binding of carbon, which is not the case with climax system forests, where a lot of the forest is rotting wood, which is a part of a natural cycle. In any case, every time a home is built from plantation wood, it binds carbon - not indefinitely, but for a long time.

      Nevertheless, BIOmason also does that, so it's definitely a viable alternative. Just remember that concrete is not forever, it is also affected by rain and it is also carbon. Wood is renewable, which I think is the main point - I guess BIOmason is as well, but many types of concrete uses fossilized material.

      So, you cannot compare just concrete vs wood without clarifying that it has to be renewable forms of concrete, while the vast majority of concrete is fossil based.

      Delete
    6. Thanks for your comment Kurt. If you think that wood will last as long as concrete, you are delusional! (I'm only slightly joking). Wood has a tendency to burn, rot, be eaten by insects, or otherwise degrade and decay. Concrete, on the other hand, continues to form hydration products over time; that is, it gains strength over time. This formation of hydration products corresponds to its continuing to capture CO2 from the atmosphere. It will continue to sequester CO2 as it matures and gains strength (granted, this occurs on a small scale, asymptotically over time). While wood may sequester CO2 for decades (a century or more, at most) concrete will sequester CO2 for centuries or millenia, as is the case with Roman concrete. I fully agree with you that there needs to be an industry-wide drastic reduction and eventual removal of fossil fuels in the production of cement used to make concrete. I've written of this several times on this blog (for example: http://masonrydesign.blogspot.com/2012/01/cement-production-and-greenhouse-gasses.html) I think these exchanges are valuable, and will hopefully help inform any interested reader. Thanks again for your comment Kurt.

      Delete
    7. My parents owns an old concrete house (early 20th century, so right at the beginning of concrete construction) and I can tell you that concrete is not eternal. People think it is because most concrete buildings are less than 60 years old. Overtime small cracks develop and the steel rebar inside starts to rust. It takes a lot of energy and money to fix this. Also if there are ground movement cracks developp, at the moment in Europe we are starting to dismantle unserviceable concrete structures built after WW2. Nothing is eternal...

      Delete
    8. Thanks for your comment. We use a new, innovative rebar which does not rust, so no cracks develop from rusting rebar. It is made by Neuvokas corporation, known commercially as "gatorbar." This new technology is a game changer. Quality concrete is much less likely to crack, it will absolutely last much longer than wood.

      Delete
    9. Sorry for the late reply. Of course, some forms of concrete lasts for very long and some forms of wood in some types of climates or environments don't last very long.
      However, in very northern environments, wood seems to last for a long time. This is also the kind of environment where wood has an advantage in insulation. In more southern places, especially places with lots of wood eating bugs and whatnot, wood becomes a less viable option.
      On the other hand, the binding of carbon I was talking about, is what happens in regrowing plantation forests, which equals most of the mass of the entire wood construction of the house!

      I live in Europe, and most of our houses are brick or brick and concrete. Very few are wood. It is, unfortunately, based on limited resources, as especially the sand used seems to become scarcer (not all sand is useful for construction).
      There are good reasons for every option, as long as the right choice is made within that option (such as not using old growth, not using fossil lime etc.)

      Delete
    10. Euro homes may more likely be stone than those in the U.S., but that is mostly due to the fact that the forests have been clear cut long ago. Let's not compare the two and forget.

      Delete
  33. I live in North America, and travel to Europe often and admire the "long-term" building strategies there. The subject of asphalt roofing materials used here alone makes me want to bang my head against my wood wall in my house. Why can't we smarten up and use clay, masonry, slate, or more metal materials like Europeans do? The answer is simply. GDP. European mindset- use better materials to last centuries. North American mindset- use easily available wood products to build "good enough" homes. Then you can keep selling them again in 100 years when the house falls apart. Everyone from the building/renovation industry hates this reality (their job is what puts food on the table), but it's true. I wish North America would move towards building better homes like Europeans, but politics are involved. I really liked this article.

    ReplyDelete
  34. Thank you for sharing this information. It has helped me to know more about
    internal wooden doors

    ReplyDelete
  35. I am thankful to this blog giving unique and helpful knowledge about this topic, I read your blog now share great information here. This blog increse my knowledge source . Affordable Builder Melbourne

    ReplyDelete
  36. it is wise to choice to select Light Emitting Diode christmas lights becaue they are not fire hazard’ Chickee Huts

    ReplyDelete
  37. Good blog post, really - I wish , thouogh, more elaboration on the topic of insulation - recently i got new doors, namely
    Aluplast doors for boosting this aspect and I'm thinking of a major makeover, for having more insulated house, and im looking also for some traditional ways of arriving at that…

    ReplyDelete
  38. Thanks a lot for sharing this amazing knowledge with us. This site is fantastic. I always find great knowledge from it.

    http://brsltd.co.nz/

    ReplyDelete
  39. Mr. Roberts,
    One question. Historically one thing that I noticed is there *was* a time in which structural masonry was far more widespread than today, in spite of the massive use of wood framing if we go to any older urban area in the midwest or east coast, or a number of older farm houses, there are a log of old cinder block (true cinder block) primitive early concrete block (some hand molded using Sears & Roebuck molds) and lots, lots, lots of brick everywhere. Going to the 19th century stone housing also appeared to be very common.

    So though Europe had a long masonry tradition, there were certainly well rooted vernacular masonry practices in the USA for a very long time. Something appears to have changed later in the 20th century. But even taking ranch homes, there are many cavity wall with CMU backed brick fronting or even non-cavity wall two wythe CMU and Brick structural Suburban ranch homes going into the early 70s..

    Wood seems to have always been the majority, but masonry was not uncommon until recently.

    I wonder if the present day dominance of wood occurred in spurts region by region.

    I'm glad to read your blog articles though, they are inspiring and you seem to be a pioneer. I hope that our building codes once again recognize the value of safe and affordable structural masonry.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Hello Kamal, Thank you for your comments and your interest. There certainly is a history of masonry construction here in the US, especially early in its founding as colonies of England. Part of this was a consequence of the "triangle trade" in which mostly empty ships left England for the New World, to pick up material from the colonies (tobacco, sugar, rum, etc.). Empty ships leaving from England needed ballast in their holds for stability, in order to prevent them from being "top heavy." This ballast was typically provided by bricks, stored deep in the hold of the ship. These bricks were then unloaded upon arrival in the New World, and were used as building material. Why were there so many bricks available in England? This was largely due to the Great Fire of London in 1666, which changed the laws governing construction in England, where all houses had to be made of masonry, for fire safety. As a result, there was no shortage of bricks: there was a huge surplus, and some of these were shipped to the colonies. Still, this was not enough building material to meet the voracious needs for construction material in the rapidly growing New World, so people turned to the apparently inexhaustible supply of wood provided by the vast forests of North America. Accordingly, the tradition of wood construction established itself in North America. It became industrialized and standardized early in the 20th century, and further evolved into today's massive construction industry, which is heavily reliant on wood as a construction material. I hope this helps answer your question. Thanks again for your interest.

      Delete
  40. Prestige Brick and Block Ltd is a full service brick and blocks laying company, providing professional and high quality hassle-free work. From Block & Brick Houses, Commercial Building, to Garden walls and Garages, we cater it all. Our expert team manages your project from beginning to end.

    ReplyDelete
  41. This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete
  42. For Quality construction and pristine Apartments in Kerala. Visit: Elite Developers

    ReplyDelete
  43. This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete
  44. The issue is governments, it's the identical story everywhere. www.kamurjshin.am/en/ offers some in-depth insights on kamurjshin.

    ReplyDelete

  45. I really thank you for the valuable info this great subject and look forward to more great posts. Thanks a lot for enjoying this beauty article with me. I am appreciating it very much! Looking forward to another great article. Good luck to the author! All the best!

    curtain wall insulation

    ReplyDelete
  46. I recommend EDMAR corporation for the property masonry and tuckpoint services. For a free estimate of the home, you can visit the website or call at 847-724-5600. If you are more curious about tuckpointing contractor chicago then you can learn more about it on Privacy Policy | Chicagoland's Masonry and Tuckpointing Since 1985.

    ReplyDelete
  47. Home Builders in Glenview There are a variety of techniques to employ a Glenview IL home builder just like you may telephone the builder's office or you might reach him via a site greenleafdevelopers.com.

    ReplyDelete
  48. This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete
  49. At length, mechanical engineers have to take on several team assignments over the duration of their career. Author is an expert of construction companies, click here for more interesting information.

    ReplyDelete
  50. I high appreciate this post. It’s hard to find the good from the bad sometimes, but I think you’ve nailed it! would you mind updating your blog with more information? vibro stone columns

    ReplyDelete
  51. If your present roof has any leaks, it could not simply lead to damage to your house, but you might also experience higher electricity bills. If you want to get more interesting details about roofing company, visit this site.

    ReplyDelete
  52. I really appreciate this wonderful post that you have provided for us. I assure this would be beneficial for most of the people. חוזה עם קבלן שלד

    ReplyDelete
  53. Remarkable blog! I have no words to praise, it has really allured me.
    construction company

    ReplyDelete
  54. Halo,I'm Helena Julio from Ecuador,I want to talk good about Le_Meridian Funding Service on this topic.Le_Meridian Funding Service gives me financial support when all bank in my city turned down my request to grant me a loan of 500,000.00 USD, I tried all i could to get a loan from my banks here in Ecuador but they all turned me down because my credit was low but with god grace I came to know about Le_Meridian so I decided to give a try to apply for the loan. with God willing they grant me  loan of 500,000.00 USD the loan request that my banks here in Ecuador has turned me down for, it was really awesome doing business with them and my business is going well now. Here is Le_Meridian Funding Investment Email/WhatsApp Contact if you wish to apply loan from them.Email:lfdsloans@lemeridianfds.com / lfdsloans@outlook.comWhatsApp Contact:+1-989-394-3740.

    ReplyDelete
  55. I was scrolling the internet like every day, there I found this article which is related to my interest. The way you covered the knowledge about the subject and the 2 BHk Flat Ayodhya Bypass Road Road
    was worth to read, it undoubtedly cleared my vision and thoughts towards B 3 BHk Flat in Ayodhya Bypass Road
    . Your writing skills and the way you portrayed the examples are very impressive. The knowledge about 4 bhkflats in Ayodhya Bypass Road
    is well covered. Thank you for putting this highly informative article on the internet which is clearing the vision about top builders in Bhopal and who are making an impact in the real estate sector by building such amazing townships.

    ReplyDelete
  56. Tat Phu brings you sustainable, aesthetic and cost-effective constructions with cemboard cement products.
    North Attleboro roofing contractor

    ReplyDelete
  57. Wonderful, just what a blog it is! This blog has provided the helpful data to us continue the good work.
    Construction company in Islamabad

    ReplyDelete
  58. Hi Dear,

    I Like Your Blog Very Much. I see Daily Your Blog, is A Very Useful For me.

    You can also Find Custom Millwork Build2M offers the best services in Custom Fabrication, Custom Renovation and Millwork in the New York at.com. Our Renovation Company is also providing services including Custom Vanity, Lighting Design, Mirror Tiles Installation, Metal Fabrication, Kitchen Cabinetry, Pantry and more.

    Visit Now:- https://www.build2m.com/custom-projects

    ReplyDelete
  59. I want to tell the worlds, that the illuminati is real because i have see the benefit of being a member of illuminati, i have tried to join the illuminati some many times, i have been scammed alot of money, but i did not give up because i know if i find the real illuminati, my life will be changed forever so i did not stop, on till i find the real illuminati official email and phone number, if you want to join the real illuminati, i want you to know that i can direct you to the really illuminati official email and phone number, brothers/sisters who is interested or who have be scammed so many times like me, that still have interest to join the illuminati because you believed that if you join your life will be changed, you do not have to worry about anything because i am here to show you all the right way to join the real illuminati, i want you all to know that to join the real illuminati it is free, you will not be ask to pay for any fee, all the process is free to join the illuminati, because when i joined the real illuminati i did not pay for any fee, when i was totally initiated to the illuminati, i was given so many benefits as a new member, i can tell you one of the benefits i was give an instant $2,000,000.00 to start a new life, brothers/sisters that have interest to join the illuminati, this is the real illuminati official email: churchofsataninitiationtemple@gmail.com and the illuminati phone call center or WhatsApp number is +1 (508) 819 2672 you can contact the illuminati official email or WhatsApp number of how to join, if is free to join the illuminati.

    ReplyDelete
  60. Hello everyone, I was browsing the internet and I saw a lots of wrong
    quotes concerning the illuminati society, I felt bad about it, I want to let you all know few things about the illuminati society. First, I joined the illuminati society through the help of an agent someone introduced me to online, after years of determination to be a member. Being a member of the illuminati your wealth is guarantee, you will be protected, famous, powerful. All these they will give you, one thing I want to correct is that the illuminati don't pay members monthly salaries, if you are newly initiated they will give you the seed of wealth and bless you with wisdom, power, influence e.t.c you need to be successful the seed of wealth is the only money the illuminati society give to their member, with this you can start anything with the money and you will be successful. Another point to note is that, the society doesn't request for registration fee and have special blessing for politicians and superstars. Being an illuminati member is a personal decision, the society don't force or plead with people to join them.
     I joined because I want to, no one forced me and am very happy to be a member today because they have contributed greatly to my life by making me one of the leading business women in the world. If you are interested in joining the illuminati society call/WhatsApp our headquarter Texas +14434187380 or Contact Aydin Baris via Email: templeofthebrotherhood@gmail.com
    He was the agent that helped me, this is the little help I can give to you
    all.

    ReplyDelete
  61. I found this article which is related to my interest. The way you covered the knowledge about
    Outsource Structural detailing

    ReplyDelete
  62. People make life difficult for their self , we are in the world were everything is in control , i was living a life of poverty and pains, i never new there was a life be young that, but right now i enjoyed every dividend of life , am rich , famous , powerful,i live a life with out no stress, The brotherhood bought me a house and a car. for any body who want riches famous and power,house and a car then you have the chance to do that, join the illuminati today to get whatever you want in life and become rich and also get the same of $ 10,000,000,00 [USD]  for membership blessing. email us now; illuminaticultofrich666@gmail.com  / whats-app OR call +2348147048097 or WHATSAPP THE GRAND MASTER +60139935753. We don't patronize  people to join. If you are interested you contact us.Say bye bye to poverty by joining Illuminati i never believe not until i finally join but now i am rich..this man is real he made me what i am today and i am very proud of me begin a Illuminati member... if they, can make me rich make me become something in life why don't you join also for you to also be rich the money always flows through the members like an ocean that never runs dry contact him for help to join :::: NOTE; that in the Great Brotherhood of Illuminati no Bloodshed and no Humans sacrifices is involved [we don't kill for anything] OK... Do not miss this opportunity THANKS.

    ReplyDelete
  63. People make life difficult for their self , we are in the world were everything is in control , i was living a life of poverty and pains, i never new there was a life be young that, but right now i enjoyed every dividend of life , am rich , famous , powerful,i live a life with out no stress, The brotherhood bought me a house and a car. for any body who want riches famous and power,house and a car then you have the chance to do that, join the illuminati today to get whatever you want in life and become rich and also get the same of $ 10,000,000,00 [USD]  for membership blessing. email us now; illuminaticultofrich666@gmail.com  / whats-app OR call +2348147048097 or WHATSAPP THE GRAND MASTER +60139935753. We don't patronize  people to join. If you are interested you contact us.Say bye bye to poverty by joining Illuminati i never believe not until i finally join but now i am rich..this man is real he made me what i am today and i am very proud of me begin a Illuminati member... if they, can make me rich make me become something in life why don't you join also for you to also be rich the money always flows through the members like an ocean that never runs dry contact him for help to join :::: NOTE; that in the Great Brotherhood of Illuminati no Bloodshed and no Humans sacrifices is involved [we don't kill for anything] OK... Do not miss this opportunity THANKS.

    ReplyDelete
  64. Thanks for sharing such a useful information. If you need any type of construction services such as foundation construction, foundation repair, construction of residential and commercial buildings just visit SmartSense Structural Systems .

    ReplyDelete
  65. house construction materials are giving me headache actually, its just that we can now buy them online, its good however haha

    ReplyDelete
  66. Hello Are you a man or woman, business man, business woman or an artist,Politicians, student and you want to become big, Powerful and famous in the world...Money is not an issue with us, join us today and kick out your financial problems and make your family proud of you no selling of soul. Your financial welfare and everything about you is our aim. With us you we be financially free and stable.. Any new member of Illuminati will give sum of50,000,000.00 US DOLLARS instantly and other luxury things you can ever think of, make a choice today and be rich,famous and powerful. Hail The Light ...

    CONTACT US WHATSAPP TODAY..
    WhatsApp Via: +2348070670337 ..
    EMAIL: illuminaticonfirmation761@gmail.com
    Best Regards..

    ReplyDelete
  67. Thanks for this post.
    Now, get rebate of 2% on purchase from New Home Rebate Realty. you can calculate your rebate Rebate Calculator .

    ReplyDelete

  68. Hello, are you interested in joining the great Illuminati brotherhood where you can become rich ,famous, powers, and wealth, for the rest of your life ? Benefit given to new members who join the Illuminati brotherhood $2,000,000 into your bank account...... $800,000 weekly salary.........
    A car value at $7.500,00.......
    Award contract worth $600,000,00.......A House in any country of your own choice. And a free visa to your dream country. Total lifestyle changes.... if you are interested contact agent Allen on Whats-app for better information's +1(518)293-0860......

    ReplyDelete
  69. הפוסט שלך מדהים.
    שיתפת אותנו מידע בעל ערך רב.
    תודה רבה ששיתפת את זה.
    לְבַקֵר https://arussi.co.il/

    ReplyDelete
  70. Hello, are you interested in joining the great Illuminati brotherhood where you can become rich ,famous, powers, and wealth, for the rest of your life ? Benefit given to new members who join the Illuminati brotherhood $2,000,000 into your bank account...... $800,000 weekly salary.........
    A car value at $7.500,00.......
    Award contract worth $600,000,00.......A House in any country of your own choice. And a free visa to your dream country. Total lifestyle changes.... if you are interested contact agent Allen on Whats-app for better information's +1(518)293-0860......

    ReplyDelete
  71. Great Blog, there is so much reality written in this content and everything is something which is very hard to be argued. Top notch blog having excellent content. Historic homes wood restoration in LA

    ReplyDelete
  72. A big thank you for your article.Much thanks again. Will read on.

    https://dotid.ca/ar/

    ReplyDelete
  73. Hello, are you interested in joining the great Illuminati brotherhood where you can become rich ,famous, powers, and wealth, for the rest of your life ? Benefit given to new members who join the Illuminati brotherhood $2,000,000 into your bank account...... $800,000 weekly salary.........
    A car value at $7.500,00.......
    Award contract worth $600,000,00.......A House in any country of your own choice. And a free visa to your dream country. Total lifestyle changes.... if you are interested contact agent Allen on Whats-app for better information's +1(518)293-0860

    ReplyDelete
  74. I am really impressed with your blog article, such great & useful knowledge you mentioned here. Your post is very informative. I have read all your posts and all are very informative. Thanks for sharing and keep it up like this.
    https://indusdesignworks.com/3d-rendering-services.php
    Outsource 3d rendering

    ReplyDelete
  75. JOIN THE ILLUMINATI BROTHERHOOD NOW AND BECOME A MILLIONAIRE !!!!!
    Are you having financial problems or do you need power to upgrade your business or office position,Music career and you need fame power and forever granted riches.
    Each new member benefits the sum of $2 Million USD and constant monthly salary sum of $7000 USD .If you interested contact us now on WhatsApp +1(315)3161521 !!!!!

    ReplyDelete
  76. It's really a terrific and valuable piece of information about Concrete Contractor. I am happy that you shared this useful info with us.

    ReplyDelete
  77. This is a good news to my life and my generations, i am so proud of the great illuminati brotherhood, i want to say a big thanks to the illuminati brotherhood in world, i have tried so many times to join the illuminati brotherhood, so that i can live a better life, but i was not lucky to meet the right people that will help me join this illuminati, i have been scammed so many times, and i was promise that i will receive my benefits as a member, all was scam and i was not happy about it, because i read in the internet that so many great men and women are all illuminati members, this was the reason i never stopped, because i know that when i meet the right illuminati, my life will be changed for good, because of this i still believe in the illuminati and continue search on the internet, i never give up because i have the hope and believe, i was born to make it in life, because my dad once told me that if you give up in life, life will also give up on you, because of this i never one give up, on till i meet the right agent of illuminati, that directed me on how to join the illuminati, brothers and sisters i wan t to use this opportunity to tell everyone that it is totally tree to join the illuminati, you don't need to spend any money to join, it is free don't pay any money to join illuminati, because i was scammed so many times, the real illuminati don't ask for money to join, when i was totally initiated, i was given so many benefits, in my induction day i was given a cash of $2,000,000,00 ring of protection to protect my self and my family, Car of my choice and mansion of my choice and etc, Brothers and Sisters who are interested to join the illuminati and you have been scammed so many times, don't give up i will now direct you to the real illuminati official email: churchofilluminatiwealth@gmail.com or you can Call/Text WhatsApp Number +1 (508) 819 2672 You must have to know this that it is totally free to join the illuminati brotherhood.

    ReplyDelete
  78. Home Renovation Company For You-TMG

    Perhaps your bathroom is too crowded for your growing family? Or your kitchen is a chore to work in? Maybe you need an extra bedroom; or want to create a family-friendly living area? Then you’ll want to renovate, and TMG being home renovation company or as as provider of renovation and construction services is here to help!
    Many home-owners are choosing to renovate their existing home, rather than opting for the expense and hassle of buying and moving to another house. When you think about it, it’s the best of both worlds. You get to retain those aspects you like about your home, and your familiar neighbourhood; as well as create exciting new elements of your dream home…exactly how you want it!
    Or perhaps you’re planning to sell your property? Even a simple renovation or make-over can make it more attractive to prospective buyers, and significantly increase your selling price.
    Whatever type of renovation you need, the team at TMG makes the whole process easier and more enjoyable. As the specialist renovation building company, we’re the ‘go-to’ team for a hassle-free, cost-effective transformation. No matter how big or small your renovation, we’ll deliver on time and to budget. Get in touch with us.
    renovation and construction services, home renovation company
    http://www.tmgventures.net/renovation-and-construction-services-home-renovation-company/

    ReplyDelete
  79. Signage Company in Lahore For Your Business - TMG
    TMG, being signage company in lahore, or best signage companies in pakistan, brings decades of experience in the design, manufacture and installation of high-quality indoor and outdoor signage to your project. What began as a hand-crafted sign shop offering unique installations for fine retailers, banks and corporations throughout the Country has grown into one of the country's leading engineers of high-impact indoor and outdoor branding.
    Today with a dedication to providing unparalleled service and savings, we're the preferred partner for retail companies and franchise operations who need to implement multiple locations on time and within budget. Our unique savings programs can save your company in installation and maintenance costs. Get in touch with us!
    signage companies in lahore, signage companies in pakistan, signage and branding
    http://www.tmgventures.net/signage-companies-in-lahore-signage-companies-in-pakistan-signage-and-branding/

    ReplyDelete
  80. Signage Services For Retail Branding or Shop Branding -TMG
    Retail store signage For Retail Branding or Shop Branding is an important part of making your business stand out from the competition. TMG creates custom signs and banners for Retail branding with your stores’ logo to advertise special events. Double Sided Sidewalk signs are a great way to get in front of your customer and by using our signage services for retail branding or Shop Branding you’re guaranteed a smudge free message. Clip on sign holders for your shelves and displays highlights your products neatly. Need help? We have the experts to help you every step of the way. Get in touch with us!
    retail branding, shop branding
    http://www.tmgventures.net/retail-branding-shop-branding/

    ReplyDelete
  81. I know you have been scammed before or you’re scared to join the Illuminati brotherhood due to the conspiracy theories about it. Today comes with a good news for you, I want you to know that you won’t kill human being to join or will you be asked to pay for Registration fee.
    What’s needed of you is Maturity, faithfulness and honesty. Once you have those examples, I guarantee you that the Lord Grand Master will accept you as a member of the Illuminati brotherhood.
    Before I successfully joined the Illuminati brotherhood, I was twice scammed by fake people until I met Agent Randy from Illuminati brotherhood in Washington DC, United States online +1 (202) 750-0111 and he helped me to be a proud member of the Illuminati brotherhood. Search no more for help, just send an email to the initiationhoodofilluminate@gmail.com or you can call, text or WhatsApp +1 (202) 750-0111 and you’ll testify to the world also as I does now. Don’t forget that Registration fee is not needed to join Illuminati.

    ReplyDelete
  82. Maybe because you've not met the right person to help you join Illuminati Brotherhood or you have the benefit of doubt that Illuminati Brotherhood is not real, hear me now, this testimony is for you.
    8 years ago, I happened to fall countless victim of scam but I didn't give up until luck may have it, I came across a genuine member of the Illuminati Brotherhood who assisted me through in the process of joining Illuminati brotherhood. I'm a proud member of the Illuminati Brotherhood and I'm also willing to render help to whosoever is willing to join the Illuminati Brotherhood. The good news is, Registration is free for new members that want to join.
    Do you desire to become a Warlock, Vampire or a werewolf then simply follow up with the contact info on this testimony because the Illuminati Organization is a Society that actualize it's members dreams and wishes no matter how impossible it sounds.
    Are you looking for fame, protection or wealth then do yourself good and join Illuminati Brotherhood so you can receive your benefits to build the life of your dream. Simply WhatsApp/Message or Call +1 (202) 750-0111 or email churchofilluminatiinitiation@gmail.com.
    Good luck as you apply to join the Illuminati Brotherhood free of charge.

    ReplyDelete
  83. Bom dia, aqui vem uma maneira fácil de se tornar um membro da famosa irmandade mundial {Illuminati}. Para a classe trabalhadora, homens / mulheres de negócios, artistas, políticos que querem se tornar maiores, poderosos e influentes no mundo, junte-se a nós para se tornar um de nossos membros oficiais hoje. Você terá a chance ideal de visitar o círculo dos Illuminati depois que o registro for concluído por você, sem necessidade de sacrifício ou vida humana, a irmandade dos Illuminati traz proteção, poder, riqueza e fama na vida. Você tem acesso total para erradicar a pobreza de sua geração. É apenas um membro existente do círculo dos Illuminati que tem autoridade para apresentar qualquer membro ao círculo. Portanto, antes de entrar em contato conosco, você deve ter mais de 18 anos e, ao se tornar membro, terá direito a todos os benefícios pelo resto de sua vida. Portanto, se você está pronto para se tornar um membro, escreva diretamente para o WhatsApps Oficial Illuminati +1 (931) 994-3522

    ReplyDelete

  84. BEWARE MANY OF THESE POST ON HOW TO JOIN ILLUMINATI, THEY ARE NOT REAL,I WAS SCAM TWICE TRYING TO JOIN ILLUMINATI. THEY PROMISE ME MONEY, CAR AND HOUSE BUT IT WAS ALL SCAM I LOST OVER $5500 UNTIL A FRIEND OF MINE FROM TEXAS DIRECT ME TO THE REAL AGENT WERE I FINALLY BECOME ILLUMINATI MEMBER AND $900,000.00 USD WAS GIVEN TO ME AS A NEW MEMBER,PLEASE BEWARE OF SO MANY POST IF YOU WANT TO BE RICH AND FAMOUS THEN WhatsApp or call THE REAL AGENT PHILLIP CANNIE, via whatsApp +1 (706) 871-4571 ..

    ReplyDelete
  85. Greetings from the illuminati,I'm Juilet Peter from Singapore , I'm an agent of the Illuminati, Be a part of the new world order and get an instant cash benefit of 2 million $,an official car and a personal house whatsApp the great grand Master of the Illuminatiam_recruitment on +1 (706) 871-4571

    ReplyDelete
  86. The world must know this, because it is a good news, i am a happy man today i can do anything i want in life, because the illuminati brotherhood changed my life, after i have been scammed so many times, it was very terrible for me because i was in pains, i was falling because i have no one to help me, all my friends run away from me, that was when i believe it is very difficult to have a good friends, because i see it myself if i want to continue to tell everyone my storyline, it will take you days to read it, all i can say now is that the illuminati brotherhood is real, and the real illuminati brotherhood can never ask you to pay money to join, because it is totally free to join the illuminati brotherhood, i was scammed thousand of dollars that ruin my life and brought hard ship to my life, but i never give up because i know illuminati is real, i want you all to know that it is very difficult to find the real illuminati brotherhood, this is the reason why i said i will do my level best to help people out there who have been scammed so many times and who are interested to join the illuminati for change of life or etc, i want you to know it is real that the illuminati gives out this benefits, instant $2,000,000.00 Car of your choice, Mansion house of your choice, protection to you and your family, if really you have be finding away to join or you have being scammed so many times, i will direct you to the real illuminati brotherhood official email to contact on how to join the illuminati, email: thechurchofdevil@gmail.com or WhatsApp/Call/Text +1 (508) 819 2672 i want you all to know it is totally free to join the illuminati brotherhood, you are free to contact Email/WhatsApp or Text/Call on how to join the illuminati brotherhood, you must have to know this, Many will discourage you that it is a scam; but ask yourself how is it a scam when it is free of charge to join.

    ReplyDelete
  87. Home Renovation Company in Lahore- TMG
    Need home renovation company in Lahore for your project? Home is a place where everyone heart lies!!! If your home have problem or if you simple need more space. TMG Ventures can make your home flawless and can assist your home flow seamlessly. When working with TMG Ventures, one can expect the idiosyncrasies and aesthetics that will serve your requirements and reflect your personality to years to come. Below is the area that we cover up.

    Complete Home Renovation
    Kitchen Remodeling
    Bathroom Remodeling
    Bedroom Remodeling
    Closet Remodeling
    Exterior Remodeling and many more

    Just Give a Call to TMG Ventures Expert today.
    http://www.tmgventures.net/home-renovation-home-renovation-company-in-lahore/
    home renovation, home renovation company in lahore

    ReplyDelete
  88. Great is the light ��
    Hello brothers of old we are the Illuminati we strive towards success
    Note the Illuminati take cares of the old as well to the young
    Take a wide step and change your career becoming rich and obtained powers be protected while belonging to one of the most largest organization known as ILLUMINATI
    Join us for money , powers, Fame and protection
    Be it a politician
    A business man and want to excel in life reach us through this WhatsApp platform �� +1 (706) 871‑4571��
    Embrace the light and become one of the kind change your life and stay forth for riches
    The Illuminati opens the door to everyone be need of powers Fame protection
    Bless mystic JAHBULON ��
    Vail +1 (706) 871‑4571

    ReplyDelete
  89. I definitely enjoying every little bit of it. It is a great website and nice share. I want to thank you. Good job! You guys do a great blog, and have some great contents. Keep up the good work. 먹튀검증

    ReplyDelete
  90. HOW ILLUMINATI BROTHERHOOD MAKE ME RICH AND FAMOUS. I am a member of the illuminati brotherhood, i want to give thanks to the Lord Lucifer, for what he has done for me, he changed my life, he bring joy and happiness to my life, i am living a good life today is because of the illuminati brotherhood, i have being try all my life to join the illuminati brotherhood, i was scammed some many times but i still did not give up, because when you give up in life, life will also give up on you, if you have been scammed so many times, my advise for you is not to give up, because the illuminati brotherhood is real, i joined the real illuminati paying just 300usd, to join the illuminati, i want you all to know today, , you don't pay money to join, my advice for you all is to make up your mind and join the illuminati brotherhood, when my initiation process was completed the benefits amount which was given to me is $1,000,000 to start a new life, this is the reason why i can not stop hailing the illuminati brotherhood, Are you a musician or a politician or a business person and you want to become rich in what you do if you are in any kind of problems or you in support in life, my advice to you is to join the illuminati brotherhood so that all your problems can be solve in life, to join the illuminati brotherhood you can contact Nathaniel Nelly on whatsapp, +1 (951) 290-3069 or Email him on illuminatinationwide2@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete
  91. Hello never you let anyone tell you that you can't make it through masonic family, Here I cut a story of mine, I was once a rich woman and something happens all my business was down I become poor and there was no way to pay the loan in bank which I took year ago and my children bill, which I was so much confuse, and an old friend of mine introduce me to the masonic family and I join the lodge and today I have more than I have before, all my heart desire have been achieve, my children are all happy, and I paid all my bills, for those that said masonic lodge are evil that is a big lie, masonic family are honest group of people that help one and each other, Don’t let yesterday take up too much of today, if you are interested in joining contact our official head email address; info.masonic.oregon@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete
  92. Hello, are you interested in joining the great Illuminati brotherhood where you can become rich ,famous, powers, and wealth, for the rest of your life ? Benefit given to new members who join the Illuminati brotherhood $2,000,000 into your bank account...... $800,000 weekly salary.........
    A car value at $7.500,00.......
    Award contract worth $600,000,00.......A House in any country of your own choice. And a free visa to your dream country. Total lifestyle changes.... if you are interested contact agent Allen on Whats-app for better information's +1(518)293-0860......

    ReplyDelete
  93. Nice blog, keep sharing such posts. Best Stand Builder & Manufactures specializing in creating premium quality 360 degree virtual reality video contents. Audio Visual Equipment Rental & Hiring in Dubai.
    Exhibition Companies In Abu Dhabi

    ReplyDelete

  94. Finding interior decorators isn't a drag in Toledo. you simply got to check out the local newspaper advertisements, telephone book or local phone directory. Or the simplest thanks to learn of interior decorators is to look online directories.
    handyman Toledo Ohio

    ReplyDelete
  95. JOIN THE BROTHERHOOD OF ILLUMINATI.
     TO BE RICH , FAME, AND POSSES POWER .email us direct on joinilluminatiworld189@gmail.com) for immediate initiation, New members registration is open online now !!!

    BENEFITS GIVEN TO NEW MEMBERS WHO JOIN ILLUMINATI .
    1). A Cash Reward of $300,000.00.
    2). A New Sleek Dream CAR valued at $120,000.00.
    3). A Dream House bought in the country of your  own choice.
    4). One Month holiday ( fully paid ) to your dream tourist destination.
    5). One year Golf Membership package.
    6). A V.I.P treatment in all Airports in the World.
    7). A total Lifestyle change.
    8). Access to Bohemian Grove.
    9). Monthly payment of $1,000,000 into your bank account every 2 months as a member.
    10). One Month booked Appointment with Top 5 world Leaders and Top 5 Celebrities in the World.

    If you are interested, send your e-mail to joinilluminatiworld189@gmail.com or Whatssap +1 (740) 231-2427
    Thank you for your time as we await your response.

    ReplyDelete
  96. DO YOU WANT TO BE RICH AND FAMOUS, Are you in USA, or anywhere in the world, are you a Businessman or woman , politician, musician,or student and you desired to be rich, famous, and powerful in life. WhatsApp +1 (779) 324-0633 immediate initiation, registration is now open online now just 366$, Are you a business man or an artist,Politicians or pastor and you want to become big, Powerful Rich and famous in the world, join us to become one of our official member today.you shall be given an ideal chance to visit the illuminati and his representative after registrations is completed by you, no sacrifice, or human life needed, Illuminati brotherhood brings along wealth and famous in life, you have a full access to eradicate poverty away from your life now. it only a member who is been initiated into the illuminati Brotherhood have the authority to bring any member to the church, Join us today from anywhere in the world and realize your dreams. once you become a member you will be rich and famous for the rest of your life, contact +1 (779) 324-0633 Email:illuminatiusatemple666@gmail.com NEW MEMBERS ARE WELCOME!!!!! BENEFIT GIVEN TO NEW MEMBERS WHO JOIN THE ILLUMINATI SOCIETY a cash reward of$1,000,000.00 a new sleek dream car valued at $100,000 a dream house bought in the country of your own choice one month holiday (fully paid) to your dream tourist destination. one year golf membership package a v.i.p treatment in all airports in the world a total lifestyle change access to bohemian grove monthly account every month as a member one month booked appointment with top 5 world leaders and top 5 celebrities in the world.

    ReplyDelete
  97. Detailed information in most easy form, Keep sharing, definitely will be helpful for many like me. For those looking for best building and renovation services click here

    ReplyDelete
  98. This post is really helpful and informative. Best industrial building reinstatement service agency offers cheap Kiosk reinstatement service in Singapore. Call Today for Kisok reinstatement.
    reinstatement works construction

    ReplyDelete
  99. Hello everyone i was browsing the internet and i saw a lot of
    wrong quote concerning the ILLUMINATI SOCIETY, i felt bad about
    it, i want to let you know few things about the ILLUMINATI SOCIETY.
    First, i join the ILLUMINATI SOCIETY through the help of an agent
    someone introduced me to online, after years of determination to be
    a member. being a member of the ILLUMINATI your wealth is
    guarantee, you will be protected, fame, power influence e.t.c all these they will give you. one thing i want to correct is that the ILLUMINATI
    don’t pay member any salary, if you are newly initiated they will give
    you the seed of wealth and bless you with wisdom, power, influence
    e.t.c you need to be successful. the seed of wealth is the only money
    the ILLUMINATI SOCIETY give to their member, with this you can
    start anything with the money and you will be successful. Another
    thing is that the society have special blessing for politicians and
    super stars. Being an ILLUMINATI member is a personal decision, the
    society don’t force or beg people to join them. i joined because i want to,
    no body force me and am very happy to be a member today because
    they have contributed greatly to my life by making me one of the
    leading business man in the world. If you are interested in joining
    the ILLUMINATI SOCIETY contact agent SIR ROBERT MORIS on or whatsapp +2349057263057
    or call him on 2349016938501, or email him @ illuminatiworldrichm632@gmail.com he was the one that help me, this is the little help I can give to you

    ReplyDelete
  100. Case prefabbricate legno | Case modulari in legno

    Scopri le case prefabbricate modulari in legno A-FOLD, sinonimo di innovazione in termini economici, di sostenibilità e di tempi di costruzione.

    Visit here:- modular houses

    ReplyDelete
  101. Hello everyone i was browsing the internet and i saw a lot of
    wrong quote concerning the ILLUMINATI SOCIETY, i felt bad about
    it, i want to let you know few things about the ILLUMINATI SOCIETY.
    First, i join the ILLUMINATI SOCIETY through the help of an agent
    someone introduced me to online, after years of determination to be
    a member. being a member of the ILLUMINATI your wealth is
    guarantee, you will be protected, fame, power influence e.t.c all these they will give you. one thing i want to correct is that the ILLUMINATI
    don’t pay member any salary, if you are newly initiated they will give
    you the seed of wealth and bless you with wisdom, power, influence
    e.t.c you need to be successful. the seed of wealth is the only money
    the ILLUMINATI SOCIETY give to their member, with this you can
    start anything with the money and you will be successful. Another
    thing is that the society have special blessing for politicians and
    super stars. Being an ILLUMINATI member is a personal decision, the
    society don’t force or beg people to join them. i joined because i want to,
    no body force me and am very happy to be a member today because
    they have contributed greatly to my life by making me one of the
    leading business man in the world. If you are interested in joining
    the ILLUMINATI SOCIETY contact agent SIR ROBERT MORIS on or whatsapp +2349057263057
    or call him on 2349016938501, or email him @ illuminatiworldrichm632@gmail.com he was the one that help me, this is the little help I can give to you

    ReplyDelete
  102. Hello everyone i was browsing the internet and i saw a lot of
    wrong quote concerning the ILLUMINATI SOCIETY, i felt bad about
    it, i want to let you know few things about the ILLUMINATI SOCIETY.
    First, i join the ILLUMINATI SOCIETY through the help of an agent
    someone introduced me to online, after years of determination to be
    a member. being a member of the ILLUMINATI your wealth is
    guarantee, you will be protected, fame, power influence e.t.c all these they will give you. one thing i want to correct is that the ILLUMINATI
    don’t pay member any salary, if you are newly initiated they will give
    you the seed of wealth and bless you with wisdom, power, influence
    e.t.c you need to be successful. the seed of wealth is the only money
    the ILLUMINATI SOCIETY give to their member, with this you can
    start anything with the money and you will be successful. Another
    thing is that the society have special blessing for politicians and
    super stars. Being an ILLUMINATI member is a personal decision, the
    society don’t force or beg people to join them. i joined because i want to,
    no body force me and am very happy to be a member today because
    they have contributed greatly to my life by making me one of the
    leading business man in the world. If you are interested in joining
    the ILLUMINATI SOCIETY contact agent SIR ROBERT MORIS on or whatsapp +2349057263057
    or call him on 2349016938501, or email him @ illuminatiworldrichm632@gmail.com he was the one that help me, this is the little help I can give to you

    ReplyDelete
  103. Hello everyone i was browsing the internet and i saw a lot of
    wrong quote concerning the ILLUMINATI SOCIETY, i felt bad about
    it, i want to let you know few things about the ILLUMINATI SOCIETY.
    First, i join the ILLUMINATI SOCIETY through the help of an agent
    someone introduced me to online, after years of determination to be
    a member. being a member of the ILLUMINATI your wealth is
    guarantee, you will be protected, fame, power influence e.t.c all these they will give you. one thing i want to correct is that the ILLUMINATI
    don’t pay member any salary, if you are newly initiated they will give
    you the seed of wealth and bless you with wisdom, power, influence
    e.t.c you need to be successful. the seed of wealth is the only money
    the ILLUMINATI SOCIETY give to their member, with this you can
    start anything with the money and you will be successful. Another
    thing is that the society have special blessing for politicians and
    super stars. Being an ILLUMINATI member is a personal decision, the
    society don’t force or beg people to join them. i joined because i want to,
    no body force me and am very happy to be a member today because
    they have contributed greatly to my life by making me one of the
    leading business man in the world. If you are interested in joining
    the ILLUMINATI SOCIETY contact agent SIR ROBERT MORIS on or whatsapp +2349057263057
    or call him on 2349016938501, or email him @ illuminatiworldrichm632@gmail.com he was the one that help me, this is the little help I can give to you

    ReplyDelete
  104. How to join the illuminati brotherhood and receive a benefits Whatsapp +2349023046719  Email, (newmemberbenefits@gmail.com) for more information and how to be initiated

    ReplyDelete
  105. We offer personal loans up to $ 100,000, you are looking for a business loan and have been denied by a bank, we can help with loans of $ 5,000 to a maximum of $ 100,000 * that can help you get your business Rebuild and get you back Can bring you on a path to a better financial future.

    On time, you can apply in just a few minutes and get your money the same day.


    Do not delay! E-mail via {samsulalamcashfirm@gmail.com} or visit us at one of our sites to see how we can help.

    Thank you for contacting us,

    Best regards
    Mr.Samsul Alam
    Samsulalamcashfirm
    Samsulalamcashfirm@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete
  106. HOW ILLUMINATI BROTHERHOOD MAKE ME RICH AND FAMOUS. I am a member of the illuminati brotherhood, i want to give thanks to the Lord Lucifer, for what he has done for me, he changed my life, he bring joy and happiness to my life, i am living a good life today is because of the illuminati brotherhood, i have being try all my life to join the illuminati brotherhood, i was scammed some many times but i still did not give up, because when you give up in life, life will also give up on you, if you have been scammed so many times, my advise for you is not to give up, because the illuminati brotherhood is real, i joined the real illuminati paying just 300usd, to join the illuminati, i want you all to know today, , you don't pay money to join, my advice for you all is to make up your mind and join the illuminati brotherhood, when my initiation process was completed the benefits amount which was given to me is $1,000,000 to start a new life, this is the reason why i can not stop hailing the illuminati brotherhood, Are you a musician or a politician or a business person and you want to become rich in what you do if you are in any kind of problems or you in support in life, my advice to you is to join the illuminati brotherhood so that all your problems can be solve in life, to join the illuminati brotherhood you can contact James on whatsapp, +2348102497218 or Email him on illuminatip8@gmail.com for more info

    ReplyDelete
  107. Valuable information and excellent design you got here! I would like to thank you for sharing your thoughts.

    ReplyDelete
  108. My testimony on how I became an illuminati member. My names are Erica Johnson and am 39 years old,am from USA bahamas I want to notify the people who want to join the great illuminati,on how I was helped by the Great Illuminate World secret society in regaining back my business position after been sacked for about 5years and six months. I have been in pains and troubles ever since I ,was sacked from the company where I work, called 'USA Deposit Insurance corporation' as an agency executive. I have been hopeless, financially down through out those years. But one day, as I was browsing through the Internet, I came across the post of the Great Illuminate world society saying you can be famous, rich and successful in life by been a member of the great Illuminati member, immediately I contacted and I explained everything to them and they recommended me and helped and I pay for the Initiation Fee which will be used to initiate me, and I was initiated to the great illuminati world secret society after and also they gave me all the guidelines and told me their place worship. With the help of the Great illuminati world society I was able to go to temple and there I was initiated fully as a complete Illuminati member. Surprisingly 48 hours after i was initiated, I receive a call from the company that I have been accepted back again as the agency executive of the company at first I was shocked and surprised when the brotherhood offered me 500,000.00 USD a car and house with other things that has changed my life for good regain myself, whatsapp Mr berry castle on +1 (779) 324-0633 or email illuminatiusatemple666@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete
  109. Altpflastersanierung I think this is an informative post and it is very useful and knowledgeable. therefore, I would like to thank you for the efforts you have made in writing this article.

    ReplyDelete
  110. Very informative and impressive post you have written, this is quite interesting and i have went through it completely, an upgraded information is shared, keep sharing such valuable information. House Building Adelaide

    ReplyDelete
  111. WELCOME TO ILLUMINATI BROTHERHOOD ORGANIZATION.

    I believe we all have a dream, a dream to become something big in life, so many people die today without accomplishing their dreams. Some of us are destined to become the president of our various countries or to become. one of the world's greatest musicians, footballers, politicians, businessmen, comedians or to be a helper to other people that are in need Note; newly recruited members are entitled to great benefits and rewards, There is no human sacrifice. If you are truly interested in joining the illuminati contact us today for more Information WhatsApp:+1(234)248-7286 OR +919205107358
    Email: illuminatikingdomempire@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete
  112. I don't know how to say this, but all i can see is that the illuminati is real, because i have finally see the goodness of being a member of illuminati, the illuminati is a big brotherhood family, which help and protect human in this earth, the illuminati is real, why i said so is because i have meet so many fake people using the illuminati names to cheat on people, if are really interested to be part of the brotherhood, i was once a victim and i have so many experience, because of this i was thinking the illuminati brotherhood is just a name, but now i believe in the illuminati brotherhood because i finally meet the right agent, i spent thousands of dollars because i want to join, but all was fake people, when i meet the right people, i was thinking i will pay money to join, to my own surprise it is totally free to join, the illuminati brotherhood will not charge you for any fee, there will take care of all the charges, the reason why i am saying this testimony is to inform you all that it is totally free to join the illuminati, and if you join the illuminati on your induction day you will be given so many benefits and a cash of $2,000,000.00 to start a new life as a new member of illuminati, i don't have much to say all i can do now is, i will direct you to this email and contact phone number of the real illuminati brotherhood, because i also want you to meet the real illuminati brotherhood, contact email: richbrotherhoodofwealth@gmail.com call contact phone number or WhatsApp +1(661) 666-4507 for more info on how to be part of the brotherhood, everything on how to join is free thanks to you all that will read my testimony.

    ReplyDelete
  113. People make life difficult for their self , we are in the world were
    everything is in control , i was living a life of poverty and pains, i
    never new there was a life be young that, but right now i enjoyed every
    dividend of life , am rich , famous , powerful,i live a life with out no
    stress, The brotherhood bought me a house and a car. for any body who want
    riches famous and power,house and a car then you have the chance to do
    that, join the illuminati today to get whatever you want in life and become
    rich and also get the same of $1 million [USD] in Nigeria naira is .381,000,000.00 Nigerian Naira for members how are ready to join this great Illuminati brotherhood
    blessing. Whats-app +2349028225257 Us now OR
    call +2349028225257 OR message us on gmail.illuminatibrotherhood5566@gmail.com We don't patronize people to join. If you are
    interested you contact us.Say bye bye to poverty by joining Illuminati i
    never believe not until i finally join but now i am rich..this man Mr Harrison is real
    he made me what i am today and i am very proud of me begin a Illuminati
    member... if they, can make me rich make me become something in life why
    don't you join also for you to
    also be rich the money always flows through the members like an ocean that
    never runs dry contact him for help to join :::: NOTE; that in the Great
    Brotherhood of Illuminati no Bloodshed and no Humans sacrifices is involved
    [we don't kill for anything] OK... Do not miss this opportunity THANKS..

    ReplyDelete
  114. People make life difficult for their self , we are in the world were
    everything is in control , i was living a life of poverty and pains, i
    never new there was a life be young that, but right now i enjoyed every
    dividend of life , am rich , famous , powerful,i live a life with out no
    stress, The brotherhood bought me a house and a car. for any body who want
    riches famous and power,house and a car then you have the chance to do
    that, join the illuminati today to get whatever you want in life and become
    rich and also get the same of $1 million [USD] in Nigeria naira is .381,000,000.00 Nigerian Naira for members how are ready to join this great Illuminati brotherhood
    blessing. Whats-app +2349028225257 Us now OR
    call +2349028225257 OR message us on gmail.illuminatibrotherhood5566@gmail.com We don't patronize people to join. If you are
    interested you contact us.Say bye bye to poverty by joining Illuminati i
    never believe not until i finally join but now i am rich..this man Mr Harrison is real
    he made me what i am today and i am very proud of me begin a Illuminati
    member... if they, can make me rich make me become something in life why
    don't you join also for you to
    also be rich the money always flows through the members like an ocean that
    never runs dry contact him for help to join :::: NOTE; that in the Great
    Brotherhood of Illuminati no Bloodshed and no Humans sacrifices is involved
    [we don't kill for anything] OK... Do not miss this opportunity THANKS........

    ReplyDelete
  115. STOP WASTING YOUR TIME ON FAKE PEOPLE WHO CLAIM TO BE AN AGENT I WAS SCAMED 4TIMES NOT UNTIL I RECIEVE A MESSAGE ON MY WHATSAPP TO CONTACT MR HARRIS WHICH I DID NOW I AM A FULL MEMBER OF THE GREAT ILLUMINATI BROTHERHOOD BE WHAT YOU WHICH FOR IN LIFE BY JOINING THE GREAT ILLUMINATI BROTHERHOOD TODAY Further encouraging the rumours is the widespread use of supposed "Illuminati" imagery in music videos. Many Freemason and Illuminati symbols, like devil horns and the all-seeing eye, have simply become popular in mainstream culture. But it's also true that some musicians seem to enjoy deliberately playing with symbols connected to secret societies.if you are interested contact via whatsapp or call +14092993890 GOOD LUCK.

    ReplyDelete
  116. JOIN THE ILLUMINATI BROTHERHOOD

    It is a well-known fact that Illuminati consist of Multi Millionaires,Billionaires who have major influence regarding most global affairs,including the planning of a New World Order. Many world leaders,Presidents, Prime Ministers, royalty and senior executives of major Fortune 500 companies are members of Illuminati in the USA. join a secret cabal of mysterious forces and become rich with boundless measures of wealth in your company or any given business, the great Illuminati can make everything possible and dreams come true

    Do not hesitate to contact us by What - sApp +1(305)340-3027

    HAIL THE LIGHT!!!

    ReplyDelete
  117. This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete
  118. It occurs to me that the reason why most people are definitely inflicting fear in their mind while applying to join the illuminati brotherhood is due to the conspiracy theory surrounding the Illuminati or rather the fear of getting scammed along the process. If you're reading my comment on this site then count yourself lucky because my mission is to lead whosoever is willing to embrace the light of the Illuminati Brotherhood to the right path of the journey. Before I elaborate further, I would like to inform you that joining the Illuminati Brotherhood does not require human sacrifice nor will you be asked to pay for Registration fee or whatever. As a member of the Illuminati Brotherhood, my advice to every interested new individual is before contacting the illuminati official inbox for initiation via churchofilluminatiinitiation@gmail.com you must be mentally sound and also be loyal to the process if you want to reach your potential. The brotherhood is an organization of no regret because it consists of serving it's members adequately, that's the reason every newly initiated members are entitled to their cash and materialistic benefits so that you can differentiate yourself from non members of the organization. I vividly remembered an old saying ''IF YOU'RE NOT INFORMED THEN YOU'RE DEFORMED''. If after reading my comment and you still have that benefit of doubt, please don't bother to join. The Illuminati organization only accepts mentally sound individuals who have the potential in them, so therefore if your mind is made up to join, kindly Call/Text/ Whatsapp +1(667) 666-4167 immediately and follow up the process and your life will never remain the same.

    ReplyDelete
  119. Opportunity and chance to join the great fraternity. Join Illuminati brotherhood today and receive the sum of $10,000,000 USD into your bank account OR your cash app immediately after you become a member and more benefits to come your way, Note: There's No human sacrifices and No blood share, If you're interested kindly contact us we have good benefits for the new members.
    Call/What's-app: +2349023046719 or email: (illuminatisocietywealth@gmail.com) WE ARE THE LIGHT

    ReplyDelete
  120. PROCEDURE FOR THE ASSEMBLY OF THE GREAT TEMPLE OF MONEY AND POWER OF ILLUMINATI, JOIN ILLUMINATI WhatsApp our agent +1 470 543 5889 or by post or postal mail

    (greatestilluminati4@gmail.com)

    Are you a business man or woman, politician, musician, student, do you want to be rich, famous, powerful in life? Join the Illuminati
    The fraternity worships today and instantly receives the rich sum of. $ 1 million a week and a free house. wherever you choose to live in this world and also receive $ 350,000 a month as salary ...

    BENEFITS OFFERED TO NEW MEMBERS WHO JOIN ILLUMINATI.
    1. A cash reward of $ 120,000.
    2. A new Sleek Dream car for $ 150,000
    3. A dream home purchased in the country of your choice.
    An appointment reserved with the 5 best in the world.
    Leaders and the 5 best celebrities in the world. If you are interested call
    the agent now +1 470 543 5889 or via whatsapp him at
    +1 470 543 5889) or you can also email us with this,
    (greatestilluminati4@gmail.com) for immediate online initiation

    ReplyDelete
  121. I read the blog and found it to be greatly informative and if someone is looking for the detailed piece of information regarding metal building, metal garage, &Metal Carports then this piece of writing is one of the best ones available. Thanks for sharing such an insightful post for the better reference.

    ReplyDelete
  122. DO YOU WANT TO BE RICH AND FAMOUS, Are you in USA, or anywhere in the world, are you a Businessman or woman , politician, musician,or student and you desired to be rich, famous, and powerful in life. WhatsApp +1 (779) 324-0633 immediate initiation, registration is now open online now just 366$, Are you a business man or an artist,Politicians or pastor and you want to become big, Powerful Rich and famous in the world, join us to become one of our official member today.you shall be given an ideal chance to visit the illuminati and his representative after registrations is completed by you, no sacrifice, or human life needed, Illuminati brotherhood brings along wealth and famous in life, you have a full access to eradicate poverty away from your life now. it only a member who is been initiated into the illuminati Brotherhood have the authority to bring any member to the church, Join us today from anywhere in the world and realize your dreams. once you become a member you will be rich and famous for the rest of your life, contact +1 (779) 324-0633 Email:illuminatiusatemple666@gmail.com NEW MEMBERS ARE WELCOME!!!!! BENEFIT GIVEN TO NEW MEMBERS WHO JOIN THE ILLUMINATI SOCIETY a cash reward of$1,000,000.00 a new sleek dream car valued at $100,000 a dream house bought in the country of your own choice one month holiday (fully paid) to your dream tourist destination. one year golf membership package a v.i.p treatment in all airports in the world a total lifestyle change access to bohemian grove monthly account every month as a member one month booked appointment with top 5 world leaders and top 5 celebrities in the world.

    ReplyDelete
  123. DO YOU WANT TO BE RICH AND FAMOUS, Are you in USA, or anywhere in the world, are you a Businessman or woman , politician, musician,or student and you desired to be rich, famous, and powerful in life. WhatsApp +1 (779) 324-0633 immediate initiation, registration is now open online now just 366$, Are you a business man or an artist,Politicians or pastor and you want to become big, Powerful Rich and famous in the world, join us to become one of our official member today.you shall be given an ideal chance to visit the illuminati and his representative after registrations is completed by you, no sacrifice, or human life needed, Illuminati brotherhood brings along wealth and famous in life, you have a full access to eradicate poverty away from your life now. it only a member who is been initiated into the illuminati Brotherhood have the authority to bring any member to the church, Join us today from anywhere in the world and realize your dreams. once you become a member you will be rich and famous for the rest of your life, contact +1 (779) 324-0633..

    ReplyDelete
  124. My testimony on how I became an illuminati member. My names are Erica Johnson and am 39 years old,am from USA bahamas I want to notify the people who want to join the great illuminati,on how I was helped by the Great Illuminate World secret society in regaining back my business position after been sacked for about 5years and six months. I have been in pains and troubles ever since I ,was sacked from the company where I work, called 'USA Deposit Insurance corporation' as an agency executive. I have been hopeless, financially down through out those years. But one day, as I was browsing through the Internet, I came across the post of the Great Illuminate world society saying you can be famous, rich and successful in life by been a member of the great Illuminati member, immediately I contacted and I explained everything to them and they recommended me and helped and I pay for the Initiation Fee which will be used to initiate me, and I was initiated to the great illuminati world secret society after and also they gave me all the guidelines and told me their place worship. With the help of the Great illuminati world society I was able to go to temple and there I was initiated fully as a complete Illuminati member. Surprisingly 48 hours after i was initiated, I receive a call from the company that I have been accepted back again as the agency executive of the company at first I was shocked and surprised when the brotherhood offered me 1,000,000.00 USD a car and house with other things that has changed my life for good regain myself, whatsapp Mr berry castle on +1 (779) 324-0633 or email illuminatiusatemple666@gmail.com


    ReplyDelete
  125. Incorporation of the contractor or construction team during the design stages grants timely feedback on timeframes, costs, and practicality. Even if you have only the most basic start to an idea, we’d love the opportunity to get your project started on the right foot even if you don’t decide to move forward with us when the construction time comes.
    home remodel contractors

    ReplyDelete
  126. This information is meaningful and magnificent which you have shared here about the site. I am impressed by the details that you have shared in this post and It reveals how nicely you understand this subject. I would like to thanks for sharing this article here. Block Construction .

    ReplyDelete
  127. HELLO
    viewer I am here to share my testimony on how I finally joined the Illuminati neighborhood and became RICH, FAMOUS AND POWERFUL, I tried my best to become a member of the brotherhood, but I was scammed several times, before I found a testimony. on the internet so I contacted the agent, I was so afraid that he would ask me for a lot of money before I could join the light, but to my greatest surprise he only asked me to buy the items I made and today I am very happy to tell the world that I am rich and have been able to build many businesses with all this I obtained an instant sum of $ 7 million dollars in my personal account and I am also known all over the world with the business. that the Illuminati brotherhood gave me and I also have the power to do what I want ... I know many people may be in my lane also looking for help here you are
    official email: Illuminati666moneycult@gmail.com
    WhatsApp no: +2349023758310


    BEWARE OF SCAMMERS AND YOU MUST BE 18 YEARS OLD.

    ReplyDelete
  128. ����Hello everyone My Name is TONY STARK and I'm here to give a testimony on how I successfully joined the illuminati brotherhood, I have tried joining this organization from a long now and I was scammed by fake agents in South Africa , I was down and I couldn't feed my self and my family, I was afraid to contact any illuminati agent because they have taken all my money, One day I came across a testimony of a 47 years man thanking a man called PETER SAMPSON for helping her to join the illuminati brotherhood I was confused and I decided to give a try, I contacted Mr PETER SAMPSON on WhatsApp and he told me everything that has to be done and I did it, surprisely I was made a member and my first benefit money was sent to me less than 48hours. I'm sharing this testimony because of my past experience, For those of you trying to join this organization this is your opportunity CONTACT Mr PETER SAMPSON on Whatsapp+234902 375 8310����

    ReplyDelete
  129. My testimony on how I became an illuminati member. My names are Erica Johnson and am 39 years old,am from USA bahamas I want to notify the people who want to join the great illuminati,on how I was helped by the Great Illuminate World secret society in regaining back my business position after been sacked for about 5years and six months. I have been in pains and troubles ever since I ,was sacked from the company where I work, called 'USA Deposit Insurance corporation' as an agency executive. I have been hopeless, financially down through out those years. But one day, as I was browsing through the Internet, I came across the post of the Great Illuminate world society saying you can be famous, rich and successful in life by been a member of the great Illuminati member, immediately I contacted and I explained everything to them and they recommended me and helped and I pay for the Initiation Fee which will be used to initiate me, and I was initiated to the great illuminati world secret society after and also they gave me all the guidelines and told me their place worship. With the help of the Great illuminati world society I was able to go to temple and there I was initiated fully as a complete Illuminati member. Surprisingly 48 hours after i was initiated, I receive a call from the company that I have been accepted back again as the agency executive of the company at first I was shocked and surprised when the brotherhood offered me 1,000,000.00 USD a car and house with other things that has changed my life for good regain myself, whatsapp Mr John Larry +2348118765646

    ReplyDelete
  130. Welcome to all post of illuminati cult where all your heart desire are granted and power over all things in the world, this is well know fact that the illuminati church consist of multi billionaires and have power, weath, riches and be a famous person in the world. Join the illuminati cult online today and get instant sum of 300million dollars with a free home anywhere you choose to live in the world and also get dollars monthly as a salary... If you are interested please kindly contact us via email below ( or call }BENEFITS GIVEN TO NEW MEMBERS WHO JOIN ILLUMINATI. A Cash Reward of USD $ USD A New Sleek Dream CAR valued at USD $ USD A Dream House bought in the country of your own choice One Month holiday (fully paid) to your dream tourist destination. One year Golf Membership package A V.I.P treatment in all Airports in the World A total Lifestyle change Access to Bohemian Grove Monthly payment of $ USD into your bank account every month as a member One Month booked Appointment with Top 5 world Leaders and Top 5 Celebrities in the World. Tell us little about yourself... No dirty game,no sacrifices and No evil, a cult of peace, big aim Illuminati email us or call us on add the agent Mr John Larry on WhatsApp +2348118765646

    ReplyDelete
  131. Hello everyone i was browsing the internet and i saw a lot of
    wrong quote concerning the ILLUMINATI SOCIETY, i felt bad about
    it, i want to let you know few things about the ILLUMINATI SOCIETY.
    First, i join the ILLUMINATI SOCIETY through the help of an agent
    someone introduced me to online, after years of determination to be
    a member. being a member of the ILLUMINATI your wealth is
    guarantee, you will be protected, fame, power influence e.t.c all these they will give you. one thing i want to correct is that the ILLUMINATI
    don’t pay member any salary, if you are newly initiated they will give
    you the seed of wealth and bless you with wisdom, power, influence
    e.t.c you need to be successful. the seed of wealth is the only money
    the ILLUMINATI SOCIETY give to their member, with this you can
    start anything with the money and you will be successful. Another
    thing is that the society have special blessing for politicians and
    super stars. Being an ILLUMINATI member is a personal decision, the
    society don’t force or beg people to join them. i joined because i want to,
    no body force me and am very happy to be a member today because
    they have contributed greatly to my life by making me one of the
    leading business man in the world. If you are interested in joining
    the ILLUMINATI SOCIETY contact agent SIR ROBERT MORIS on or whatsapp +2349057263057
    or call him on +2349016938501, or email him @ illuminatiworldrichm632@gmail.com he was the one that help me, this is the little help I can give to you

    ReplyDelete
  132. 카지노사이트검증November 16, 2021 at 2:27 AM

    When I read an article on this topic, 카지노사이트검증 the first thought was profound and difficult, and I wondered if others could understand.. My site has a discussion board for articles and photos similar to this topic. Could you please visit me when you have time to discuss this topic?


    ReplyDelete
  133. HOW THE ILLUMINATI BROTHERHOOD HELPED ME BECOME SUCCESSFUL IN LIFE, BEING POOR OR SUCCESSFUL IN LIFE IS A CHOICE, IF YOU ARE BOLD TO TAKE THE STEPS YOU WILL BE SUCCESSFUL IN LIFE AND ENJOY WITH YOUR GENERATIONS



    How i become successful in life, I am so grateful today is because of the illuminati brotherhood. the Illuminati brotherhood continues to change my life day by day, hails to the illuminati brotherhood, i was deeply strangled up by poverty and i had no body to help me, and also i search for help from different corners but to no available, i have worked so hard to make it in life, i have done so many things in life, just to make it and live a happy life with my family, i do not know what to do next i was just thinking about my life, i see people around me getting rich but to me, i get poor everyday of my life, i start to think of what to do next just to get rich and live a good life, one day i think of going for research in google, and i say how many people giving testimony on how the illuminati brotherhood helped then to get rich and famous, so i think of joining the illuminati brother so that i can also get rich and be famous in life, because i have go through pains in life, so i make up my mind and decide to join the illuminati brotherhood, to my own believe i see my life changed for when i followed the process of joining the illuminati, the good news is that when i join the illuminati i was given amount of $2,000,000.00 USD to start a new life, i am so proud of myself and i am a great man today, because of the illuminati brotherhood, the mission of the illuminati brotherhood is to wipe away suffering and hardship away from everyone life. so if you are a business man/woman, an artist, a pastor, a working class, student and you want wealth,fame,protection,long life, prosperity just name it, the illuminati brotherhood is ready to help you achieve your dreams, if you live in America it is free to join the illuminati brotherhood, you have to email: churchofinitiationcenter@gmail.com WhatsApp call or text +16616664507 on how to join the illuminati brotherhood, join and see changes in your life.

    ReplyDelete
  134. I finally found what I was looking for! I'm so happy. 메이저사이트


    ReplyDelete
  135. I accidentally searched and visited your site. I still saw several posts during my visit, but the text was neat and readable. I will quote this post and post it on my blog. Would you like to visit my blog later? keonha cai


    ReplyDelete
  136. This blog is such an amazing blog thank you for sharing it with us, if you want to update or change
    https://www.lcrenovation.co.uk/loft-conversion-in-hammersmith/
    Renovations in Richmond

    ReplyDelete
  137. eu friendly shipping<a href="https://www.euify.eu/fulfilment/https://www.euify.eu/fulfilment/</a

    ReplyDelete
  138. This is a very impressive subject. Thank you for always. I have been reading your article interestingly. If possible, please visit my website to read my posts and leave comments. Have a nice day! 바카라사이트 What you wrote was very helpful to me. Thank you. Actually, I run a site similar to you. If you have time, could you visit my site? Please leave your comments after reading what I wrote. If you do so, I will actively reflect your opinion. I think it will be a great help to run my site. Have a good day.


    ReplyDelete
  139. Nice Blog. Thanks for sharing this amazing blog.

    We provide high-quality house lifts at affordable prices by combining Australian Technology, European Components, and investing in high-tech production lines.

    ReplyDelete
  140. (NO MEMBERSHIP FEE TO JOIN ILLUMINATI), I am giving a testimony on how i became rich and
    famous today… i was deeply strangled up by poverty
    and i had no body to help me, and also i searched for
    help from different corners but to no avail… I see
    people around me getting rich but to me i was so
    ashamed of myself so i met a man on my way he was
    very rich and he was a doctor so he told me something
    and I thought it over throughout the day so the next day
    i looked up and i kept repeating what he said to me.
    ” if you want to get rich quick and be famous” you
    need to cross your heart and do what is in your mind
    so i tried all i could in other for me to do as he said
    so later on i told my fellow friend about this same
    thing then my friend was interested in my suggestions
    so i decided to look in the internet and i found an
    email of an agent Jackson illuminatiriches50085@gmail.com and
    we decided to contact them and fortunately we did as
    them instruct us to do and later, them told us to get some
    requirements and all the rest… so this initiation took
    us just a week and later on the great Illuminati gave
    us $7,000,000.00 to start up our lives…. and now am
    testifying that if in any case you want to join any
    great Illuminati all you need to do is for you to contact
    him on whatsapp +1(409)2993890.

    ReplyDelete
  141. ATTENTION TO ALL, ILLUMINATI HAS BECOME WHAT PEOPLE IN DIFFERENT COUNTRY USE TO MAKE MONEY INSTEAD OF HELPING THE POOR THEY NOW TAKE FROM THE POOR BROTHERS AND SISTERS OUT THERE WHO ARE WILLING TO JOIN THIS ORGANIZATION SHOULD BE AWARE OF WHO THEY CONTACT BEFORE SENDING YOUR INFORMATION TO ANY BODY YOU MUST HAVE TO BE CAREFUL BECAUSE WE ARE GETTING SO MANY CONPLAIN FROM NEW MEMBERS I KNOW HOW I SUFFERED BEFORE JOINING THIS ORGANIZATION DONT GIVE UP AM HERE TO HELP THE POOR,THE TALENTED,THE BUSINESS MEN AND WOMEN,TO REACH THEIR GOALS SO FOR MORE INFORMATION ON HOW TO JOIN CALL Mr BERRY CASTLE this number+1 (779) 324-0633 OR WHATSAPP him ON SAME NUMBER also +1(779) 324-0633 YOU CAN STILL SEND him MESSAGES ON THIS EMAIL illuminatiusatemple666@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete
  142. In general, geotechnical engineers work on a variety of construction projects, but they are most often responsible for maintaining and repairing buildings. There are many benefits to this type of engineering. Source for more about cmt.

    ReplyDelete
  143. Great Post!!
    Thanks for the information. Such a useful information you have posted here.
    Gurcan Partners is an innovative, international, law and consulting firm. We are staffed with American, Hungarian, Turkish, Polish, Czech, Serbian, German, Arab, Malay, and Estonian lawyers which enables us to handle both regional and multinational deals in 9 countries. We are committed to being the pioneers of the 21st Century legal industry. We provide efficient and comprehensive solutions to even the most complex legal issues. We help our clients to spread their business internationally.

    We also providing following services:

    Buying property in Czech Republic
    blockchain consultation in europe
    Company Formation in Estonia

    For more information visit our website.

    ReplyDelete
  144. CYBERCREDITGURU has been amazing to work with! They have creative, knowledgeable professional hackers that make the entire process a great experience. I am a widow with 3 children. I started working with CYBERCREDITGURU two years ago when I had a very poor credit score of 403, with negatives, late payments and evictions. I couldn’t afford a loan to even pay off my basic bills for the up keep of my children. Life was so terrible then. I came across a highly rated reviews about them online and I contacted them on CYBERCREDITGURU (AT) GMAIL DOT COM and phone/text: +1 (650) 439 0624. Lo and behold they got my FICO score raised to 805 and every other negative item cleared within 6 days after following all instructions. Last week I contacted them again for my daughter’s school grade and they got it upgraded excellently within 3 days. I recommend CYBERCREDITGURU to all who have hacking related issues. They are the BEST!

    ReplyDelete
  145. We are Residential Lifts Manufacturers in Australia. Our commitment to our clients is to provide a home lift that they can rely on to improve their lifestyle while adding value to their homes.

    ReplyDelete